Introduction to Berber Carpets
For over three millennia, the Berber people have been an integral part of Moroccan culture. Among their many contributions, the Berber carpets, also known as Berber rugs, stand out as iconic symbols of their heritage. These handmade carpets, crafted by Berber women, are deeply woven into the fabric of Berber tradition, with patterns and symbols that carry profound meanings.
Historical Origins and Techniques
The origins of Berber carpets trace back to the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The techniques used by the Berbers differ significantly from those employed in Oriental or Persian rugs. A fascinating aspect of these carpets is the connection of their patterns to ancient cave art and artifacts from primitive human cultures. This link highlights the Berber carpet as a vestige of the archaic world, embodying the duality and relationship of men and women, and symbolizing universal fertility.
Symbolism in Patterns
The abstract and geometric language of Berber carpets originates from the human body, particularly the sexual organs, reflecting phases of a woman’s life, including virginity, marriage, pregnancy, and childbirth. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Moroccan carpets were renowned for their beauty, often used as diplomatic gifts or in princely caravans.
Evolution Through the Centuries
Middle Ages to the 19th Century
During the Middle Ages, carpets were prestigious gifts for foreign embassies and part of princely caravans. The term “zarabi” (carpet) has Arabic roots, signifying a “flowerbed” or “what lies on the floor”. The Berber word for carpet is “tazerbyt“, and in high-altitude regions like Marmoucha, it is known as “gtifa“. Carpets were pivotal in Moroccan culture, with some of the oldest preserved carpets dating back to the 18th century, such as the Chiadma carpet from 1787.
19th Century and Beyond
In the 19th century, Moroccan carpets became highly sought after in Europe, prominently featured in universal exhibitions in France. By the early 20th century, carpet weaving was a vital economic activity in Moroccan cities, representing an art form passed down through generations.
Types of Berber Carpets
Ait-Ouaouzguite Carpets
Originating from the Taznakhet region in the High Atlas, Ait-Ouaouzguite carpets are known for their well-worked sheep wool, bright colors, and geometric patterns. These carpets are emblematic of Moroccan craftsmanship.
Middle Atlas Carpets
Middle Atlas carpets, particularly those from the Beni Ouarain tribes, are celebrated for their white, silky velvet and diamond-shaped patterns. These carpets, often used as mattresses or covers, are noted for their comfort and warmth.
High Atlas Carpets
High Atlas carpets, including the Glaoua carpets, incorporate multiple weaving techniques, resulting in a unique style that combines knotted points, tapestry, and flat weaving. The natural wool colors and intricate designs reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Haouz Carpets from Marrakech
These rural carpets, produced by Arabic-origin tribes around Marrakech, vary in size, color, and pattern. They are classified into four quality categories: standard, medium, high, and extra high.
Manufacturing Techniques
Traditional Methods
The manufacturing of Berber carpets involves meticulous processes from wool treatment to dyeing and weaving. The wool, often considered a divine gift, undergoes a precise ritual to ensure its quality. The dyeing process is equally ritualistic, involving prayers and specific timing to achieve the desired colors without compromising the wool’s natural properties.
Weaving Process
Weaving is a communal activity, with the weaver often receiving assistance from neighbors. The process involves setting up the loom, chanting prayers, and carefully knotting the wool to create intricate designs. This craftsmanship is passed down from mother to daughter, ensuring the preservation of traditional techniques.
Patterns and Colors
Each Berber tribe has its unique carpet patterns and styles. For instance, the minimalist Beni Ouarain carpets feature black diamond shapes on a white background, while the Azilal carpets are vibrant and artistic. The patterns often hold symbolic meanings, with geometric shapes representing various cultural elements such as protection, beauty, and hospitality.
Common Patterns and Their Meanings
- Diamonds: Often seen as protective eyes against bad luck.
- Butterflies and Flowers: Symbolize feminine beauty.
- Zigzag Lines: Represent rivers or family connections.
- Combs: Relate to the weaving process.
- Teapot in Profile: Symbolizes hospitality.
Practical Aspects
Dimensions
Berber carpets vary in size, typically ranging from 2 meters to 6 meters in length and 1.9 meters to 2.5 meters in width.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Maintaining a Berber carpet is relatively straightforward. Regular vacuuming helps remove dust, while tougher stains can be addressed with a mixture of water and soap. For deep cleaning, a steam cleaner or professional cleaning services may be necessary.
Purchasing Authentic Berber Carpets
To purchase an authentic Berber carpet, visiting Morocco and buying directly from the producers in the Atlas Mountains is ideal. This approach ensures authenticity and better pricing, as it bypasses large distributors. Be cautious of industrially made carpets in Western markets, which often lack the durability and environmental friendliness of genuine Berber rugs.
Conclusion
Berber carpets are more than just decorative items; they are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the Berber people. Their intricate designs, historical significance, and traditional manufacturing techniques make them invaluable cultural artifacts. Whether used for their aesthetic appeal or their symbolic meanings, Berber-carpets continue to be cherished worldwide.
